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• ource: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-06-2022-0145 Abstract Purpose The demand for titanium alloys has received massive attention in the aerospace and automotive industry owing to their magnificent electrochemically compatibility and corrosion resistance, high strength at elevated temper

atures and high strength-to-weight ratio. Although titanium alloy has impressive mechanical properties, they are challenging to machine or metal form due to its poor heat conductivity, high chemical reactivity, low modulus of elasticity, high friction coefficient and difficult lubricant that limits its application field and increases wear. However, surface treatment coating with the strong metallurgical bond between the titanium alloy matrixes is novel technique to resolve these challenges. This